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Posts Tagged: science

Text

bogleech:

There’s a lot of assholes, in the real world and in way too many fiction narratives, who think “natural selection” and “survival of the fittest” mean that the “strong” should destroy the “weak,” or that the “weak” deserve to die and must die for a species to remain healthy.

But here’s the thing:

Natural selection isn’t some sort of decree that needs to be actively upheld. Natural selection is just a name given to the simple fact that if something is suited to survive, it is more likely to pass on its genes. If its characteristics make it more likely to die before it can do so, then those characteristics will make themselves rarer in the gene pool by default.

There isn’t actually a “strong” and “weak” in nature. Sometimes the best thing suited to survive in an environment is slower, softer, even significantly less intelligent. Something that only has what it needs for the given situation. Something that doesn’t waste energy with any more anatomy than the bare minimum to get by.

If something is killed by freak circumstances, like industrial pollution, a meteorite, a mutant plague or a maniacal nazi-esque supervillain regime, then that’s not actually natural selection. That’s a fluke death that could happen to anyone or anything, even the allegedly “strong.”

If something is still going to go on living and reproducing without that crazy circumstantial interference, then it is, in fact, THE FITTEST it ever needs to be. That is by definition evolutionary perfection.

Nothing in particular inspired this post, it’s just a general peeve I have. People misconstrue “survival of the fittest” constantly, in all kinds of debate.

Source: bogleech

rhamphotheca:

Fighting to Save an Endangered Bird — With Vomit
by Becky Oskin,
A psychological warfare program centered on vomit could help save the marbled murrelet, an endangered seabird that nests in California’s old-growth redwood forests.
The robin-sized murrelet lives at sea but lays one pointy, blue-green egg each year on the flat, mossy branch of a redwood. While breeding, its back feathers morph from black to mottled brown to better match the forest. For two months, both parents race back and forth to the coast as far as 50 miles (80 kilometers) each day at speeds of up to 98 mph (158 km/h) while evading peregrine falcon and hawk attacks. After the chick hatches, it pecks off its redwood-colored down and, flying solo, launches straight for the ocean. Penguins have nothing on the murrelet.
“They’re a seabird like a puffin, and they have this crazy lifestyle that’s like a living link between the old-growth redwood forests and the Pacific Ocean,” said Keith Bensen, a biologist at Redwood National Park. “It’s strange to have an animal with webbed feet in the forest,” he said…
(read more: Live Science)                          (photo: USFWS)

Science is just the coolest thing. Good luck to the murrelets!

rhamphotheca:

Fighting to Save an Endangered Bird — With Vomit

by Becky Oskin,

A psychological warfare program centered on vomit could help save the marbled murrelet, an endangered seabird that nests in California’s old-growth redwood forests.

The robin-sized murrelet lives at sea but lays one pointy, blue-green egg each year on the flat, mossy branch of a redwood. While breeding, its back feathers morph from black to mottled brown to better match the forest. For two months, both parents race back and forth to the coast as far as 50 miles (80 kilometers) each day at speeds of up to 98 mph (158 km/h) while evading peregrine falcon and hawk attacks. After the chick hatches, it pecks off its redwood-colored down and, flying solo, launches straight for the ocean. Penguins have nothing on the murrelet.

“They’re a seabird like a puffin, and they have this crazy lifestyle that’s like a living link between the old-growth redwood forests and the Pacific Ocean,” said Keith Bensen, a biologist at Redwood National Park. “It’s strange to have an animal with webbed feet in the forest,” he said…

(read more: Live Science)                          (photo: USFWS)

Science is just the coolest thing. Good luck to the murrelets!

Source: rhamphotheca

rhamphotheca:

Screech Owls and Blind Snakes, an Unlikely Mutualism

by Andrew Durso

In the 1970s and 80s, a pair of biologists at Baylor University in Waco, Texas, Fred Gehlbach and Robert Baldridge, were studying screech owl nesting ecology. These small owls nest in tree cavities and eat a variety of small animals, from insects to mice. Like most raptorial birds, Eastern Screech Owls usually kill their prey before bringing it home to feed to their nestlings.

Gehlbach and Baldridge observed some of the screech owls in their study carrying live Texas Blindsnakes (Rena [formerly Leptotyphlops] dulcis) to their nests in experimental nest boxes like those used by wood ducks and bluebirds. When they checked the nests the next day, they found, to their surprise, between one and fifteen live blindsnakes living among the owl chicks in fourteen different nests! In some cases, the snakes lived with the baby owls for at least a week! Many of the blindsnakes bore scars from adult owl beaks, but few had been killed.

If you’re not familiar with blindsnakes (aka scolecophidians), don’t worry; few people are. There are about 400 species of these ‘seriously strange serpents’, as Darren Naish calls them over at TetZoo, distributed chiefly in the world’s tropical regions (the Texas Blindsnake is one of the few temperate exceptions). Most have small eyes (or none at all, as their name suggests), smooth round scales, and eat invertebrates. Their jaw architecture is entirely unique: their jaws act like little scoops to effectively shovel ant and termite larvae and pupae into their mouths.

(Check out the video from BBC’s Life in Cold Blood, or visit the homepage of blindsnake biologist Nate Kley at Stony Brook University.)

How does this help baby screech owls? Gehlbach and Baldridge wanted to find out, so they measured the diversity and abundance of invertebrates in the owl nests with and without live blindsnakes, as well as the health and survival of the baby owls (which they were already measuring). They found that nests with blindsnakes had significantly fewer mites, insects, and arachnids, and that baby owls from these nests were 25% more likely to survive and grew as much as 50% faster…

(read more: Life is Short, But Snakes Are Long)

Source: rhamphotheca

we-are-star-stuff:

Russians Recover Fresh Flowing Mammoth Blood

About 15,000 years ago, an old female wooly mammoth plunged through the ice as she was being chased by predators. Her remains have now been uncovered by scientists working in Siberia. And remarkably, as they were digging it out, blood began to stream out - wich is weird given that it was 10° below freezing.

It’s not known if the blood or tissue samples contain living cells required for cloning. And even if such cells are recovered, the DNA repair would require a very complex process that could take years. A report is expected later this July.

The beautifully preserved specimen was discovered partially embedded in a chunk of ice at an excavation on the Lyakhovsky Island, the southernmost group of the New Siberian Islands in the Arctic seas of northeastern Russia.

The mammoth’s lower portions, including the stomach, were locked in the ice for the past 10,000 to 15,000 years. Its lower jaw and tongue were also recovered; the trunk was found separately from the carcass. The upper torso and two legs were preserved in soil and show signs of being gnawed upon by both prehistoric and modern predators.

Semyon Grigoriev, head of the Museum of Mammoths of the Institute of Applied Ecology of the North at the North Eastern Federal University, is calling it “the best preserved mammoth in the history of paleontology.”

During the excavation, and as the researchers were chipping away at the ice, they noticed splotches of dark blood in the ice cavities below the mammoth’s belly. When they broke through with a poll pick, blood started to flow out.

“It can be assumed that the blood of mammoths had some cryo-protective properties,” noted Grigoriev. Mammoth blood, it would appear, contains a kind of anti-freeze. This is consistent with work done by Canadian geneticists who in 2010 showed that mammoth hemoglobin releases its oxygen much more readily at cold temperatures than that of modern elephants.

In addition to the blood, the paleontologists also recovered well-preserved muscle tissue. The scientists say it has a natural red color of fresh meat. The blood is currently undergoing a bacteriological analysis, and the results are expected soon.

Based on the preliminary evidence, the scientists say the female wooly mammoth was anywhere from 50 to 60 years old and weighed about three tons. They theorize that she was trying to escape from predators when she fell through the ice, or that she got bogged down in a swamp.

(via lostbeasts)

Source: we-are-star-stuff

(via pamcakeztheyreeverywhere)

Source: ForGIFs.com

Participants Wanted: Asexual Terminology Survey

tchy:

avenpt:

My name is Andrew Hinderliter, and I am a Ph.D. candidate in the Department of Linguistics at the University of Illinois-Urbana Champaign.  My dissertation is about online asexual discourse, with particular interest in its development over time.  I ran one survey last January, and I am now conducting a survey on asexuality-related concepts and terminology.

To participate, you must be at least 18 years of age or older, be proficient in English, and identify as asexual, gray-A, or demisexual.  The  survey has a number of language-related questions, and it is asked that you do not look things up while taking the survey.

Click here to participate.

Signal boost for my ace followers!

This is a really well put-together survey and I’m happy to have contributed to it.

(via stfuconservatives)

Source: avenpt

rhamphotheca:

Scientists Discover Secrets to Salamander Limb Regeneration
by Tanya Lewis
Salamanders can regrow entire limbs and regenerate parts of major organs, an ability that relies on their immune systems, research now shows.
A study of the axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum), an aquatic salamander, reveals that immune cells called macrophages are critical in the early stages of regenerating lost limbs. Wiping out these cells permanently prevented regeneration and led to tissue scarring. The findings hint at possible strategies for tissue repair in humans…
(read more: Live Science)              
(photo: Andrew Burgess/Shutterstock)

rhamphotheca:

Scientists Discover Secrets to Salamander Limb Regeneration

by Tanya Lewis

Salamanders can regrow entire limbs and regenerate parts of major organs, an ability that relies on their immune systems, research now shows.

A study of the axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum), an aquatic salamander, reveals that immune cells called macrophages are critical in the early stages of regenerating lost limbs. Wiping out these cells permanently prevented regeneration and led to tissue scarring. The findings hint at possible strategies for tissue repair in humans…

(read more: Live Science)              

(photo: Andrew Burgess/Shutterstock)

Source: rhamphotheca

(via toalfact)

Source: ForGIFs.com

science-junkie:

Why everything you know about wolf packs is wrong
By Lauren Davis

The alpha wolf is a figure that looms large in our imagination. The notion of a supreme pack leader who fought his way to dominance and reigns superior to the other wolves in his pack informs both our fiction and is how many people understand wolf behavior. But the alpha wolf doesn’t exist—at least not in the wild…

Although the notions of “alpha wolf” and “alpha dog” seem thoroughly ingrained in our language, the idea of the alpha comes from Rudolph Schenkel, an animal behaviorist who, in 1947, published the then-groundbreaking paper “Expressions Studies on Wolves.” During the 1930s and 1940s, Schenkel studied captive wolves in Switzerland’s Zoo Basel, attempting to identify a “sociology of the wolf.”

In his research, Schenkel identified two primary wolves in a pack: a male “lead wolf” and a female “bitch.” He described them as “first in the pack group.” He also noted “violent rivalries” between individual members of the packs… Thus, the alpha wolf was born. Throughout his paper, Schenkel also draws frequent parallels between wolves and domestic dogs, often following his conclusions with anecdotes about our household canines. The implication is clear: wolves live in packs in which individual members vie for dominance and dogs, their domestic brethren, must be very similar indeed.

A key problem with Schenkel’s wolf studies is that, while they represented the first close study of wolves, they didn’t involve any study of wolves in the wild… In more recent years, animal behaviorists, including [wildlife biologist L. David] Mech, have spent more and more time studying wolves in the wild, and the behaviors they have observed has been different from those observed by Schenkel and other watchers of zoo-bound wolves. In 1999, Mech’s paper “Alpha Status, Dominance, and Division of Labor in Wolf Packs” was published in the Canadian Journal of Zoology. The paper is considered by many to be a turning point in understanding the structure of wolf packs…

Mech’s studies of wild wolves have found that wolves live in families: two parents along with their younger cubs. Wolves do not have an innate sense of rank; they are not born leaders or born followers. The “alphas” are simply what we would call in any other social group “parents.” The offspring follow the parents as naturally as they would in any other species. No one has “won” a role as leader of the pack; the parents may assert dominance over the offspring by virtue of being the parents. While the captive wolf studies saw unrelated adults living together in captivity, related, rather than unrelated, wolves travel together in the wild. Younger wolves do not overthrow the “alpha” to become the leader of the pack; as wolf pups grow older, they are dispersed from their parents’ packs, pair off with other dispersed wolves, have pups, and thus form packs of their owns.

This doesn’t mean that wolves don’t display social dominance, however… Wolves (and other animals, including humans), display social dominance, it just isn’t always easy to boil dominant behavior down to simple explanations. Dominant behavior and dominance relationships can be highly situational, and can vary greatly from individual to individual even within the same species. It’s not the entire concept of wolves displaying social dominance that was dispelled, just the simple hierarchical pack structure…


Source: io9.com

Images credit: Caninest - Michael Cummings

(via ivynajspyder)

Source: io9.com

rhamphotheca:

How a Bat Tongue Mops Up Food

May 8, 2013—New high-speed video shows how the Pallas’s long-tongued bat engorges its tongue to lap up nectar.

© Video produced by Mike Cohea, Brown University

(via: National Geographic)

Source: rhamphotheca

The effects of unchecked criminalization: Teen charged with felony for science experiment

stfuconservatives:

aka14kgold:

onebigpear:

fuckyeahfeminists:

This is what the school-to-prison pipeline looks like. This is how black youth criminalized.

  1. She was doing a science experiment
  2. She’s being charged as an ADULT
  3. She’s being charged with a FELONY

If this all goes the way the prosecution wants, this young woman will be LEGALLY discriminated against for the rest of her life. No voting, housing discrimination,  employment discrimination (as if getting a job while black isn’t hard enough), etc. etc.

There is a petition up … spread the word.

http://www.change.org/petitions/the-bartow-police-and-bartow-high-school-drop-charges-against-kiera-wilmot

Hey, remember this from yesterday? Go ahead and hit up the petition. 

Unreal that we’re doing this to the next generation of scientists. Sign it, folks!

Source: fuckyeahfeminists

lordlingenglish:

returntothestars:

blue-espeon:

aeonfrodo:

dilapidatedragamuffin:

We were at my grandparents’ house for Easter today, and my brother brought along the Nintendo Wii for our cousins to play
Only he forgot the sensor bar :T the thing that makes the wii-motes work and junk
Then he remembered this crazy myth he heard basically said if you light two candles, they act as a sensor bar.
I DON’T KNOW HOW
BUT IT TURNS OUT IT FUCKING WORKS.
So if you ever lose or break the sensor bar, and don’t mind your TV looking like an offering to Satan, I recommend candles :I

I’ll remember that for the next time my sensor bar stuffs up…

This also works with flashlights, in case you don’t have any candles handy. c:

The “sensor” bar doesn’t actually have any sensors. The sensors are in the Wii-mote. The sensor bar is actually just a line of infrared LEDs that an IR camera in the Wii-mote can see, which means you can substitute other IR sources, like candles and flashlights.

Science, hail Satan.

*snaps fingers* So that’s why Wiimotes don’t work if pointed into a strong light source, like a window!

lordlingenglish:

returntothestars:

blue-espeon:

aeonfrodo:

dilapidatedragamuffin:

We were at my grandparents’ house for Easter today, and my brother brought along the Nintendo Wii for our cousins to play

Only he forgot the sensor bar :T the thing that makes the wii-motes work and junk

Then he remembered this crazy myth he heard basically said if you light two candles, they act as a sensor bar.

I DON’T KNOW HOW

BUT IT TURNS OUT IT FUCKING WORKS.

So if you ever lose or break the sensor bar, and don’t mind your TV looking like an offering to Satan, I recommend candles :I

I’ll remember that for the next time my sensor bar stuffs up…

This also works with flashlights, in case you don’t have any candles handy. c:

The “sensor” bar doesn’t actually have any sensors. The sensors are in the Wii-mote. The sensor bar is actually just a line of infrared LEDs that an IR camera in the Wii-mote can see, which means you can substitute other IR sources, like candles and flashlights.

Science, hail Satan.

*snaps fingers* So that’s why Wiimotes don’t work if pointed into a strong light source, like a window!

(via sweatmustache)

Source: dilapidatedragamuffin

denizensofearth:

ichthyologist:

nemertea:

DO YOU WANT TO MAKE THE WORLD BETTER? DO YOU THINK THAT BIODIVERSITY RESEARCH IS IMPORTANT?
DO YOU HAVE FREE TIME?
If you do, then please take a second to check out Notes From Nature — a web project to transcribe specimen data from museum collections, making that data available FOR SCIENCE.
Also, I will love you forever.

why not, you might as well if you’re bored

This is fantastic.  If you want to help contribute to science from your home computer, DO IT NOW.  Just be forewarned, be careful which buttons you click, it’s easy to submit a record accidentally!  Don’t worry though, there are instructions for each step and Google is your friend.

Super nifty. Go help out scientists!

denizensofearth:

ichthyologist:

nemertea:

DO YOU WANT TO MAKE THE WORLD BETTER? DO YOU THINK THAT BIODIVERSITY RESEARCH IS IMPORTANT?

DO YOU HAVE FREE TIME?

If you do, then please take a second to check out Notes From Nature — a web project to transcribe specimen data from museum collections, making that data available FOR SCIENCE.

Also, I will love you forever.

why not, you might as well if you’re bored

This is fantastic.  If you want to help contribute to science from your home computer, DO IT NOW.  Just be forewarned, be careful which buttons you click, it’s easy to submit a record accidentally!  Don’t worry though, there are instructions for each step and Google is your friend.

Super nifty. Go help out scientists!

Source: nemertea

ryttu3k:

feltelures:

applepiesfromscratch:

Cost of the Mars Curiosity Rover - $800 million
Cost of a team to operate the Mars Rover - $1 billion
Total Cost of the Mars Science Laboratory mission - $2.5 billion
Accidentally drawing a penis on the surface of another planet - Priceless

Actually, it was either Spirit or Opportunity—NASA isn’t sure which—and it was likely a while ago they did it, but…oh dear. /ruins all jokes

Initial cost of the Mars Exploration Rovers - $820 million
Cost of the continuing MER missions - $104 million
Projected cost of fifth mission extension - $20 million
Accidentally drawing a penis on the surface of another planet - Priceless
SEE I FIXED IT :D

ryttu3k:

feltelures:

applepiesfromscratch:

Cost of the Mars Curiosity Rover - $800 million

Cost of a team to operate the Mars Rover - $1 billion

Total Cost of the Mars Science Laboratory mission - $2.5 billion

Accidentally drawing a penis on the surface of another planet - Priceless

Actually, it was either Spirit or Opportunity—NASA isn’t sure which—and it was likely a while ago they did it, but…oh dear. /ruins all jokes

Initial cost of the Mars Exploration Rovers - $820 million

Cost of the continuing MER missions - $104 million

Projected cost of fifth mission extension - $20 million

Accidentally drawing a penis on the surface of another planet - Priceless

SEE I FIXED IT :D

Source: carl-sagan

pterobat:

It has come to my attention recently that nerds hate feathered dinosaurs.
 Not *all* nerds, obviously, but a lot of ‘em. And why? Apparently because dinosaurs no longer look “cool” enough: they’re “fluffy”, they’re “chickens”, and most importantly, they don’t look as cool as they did in “Jurassic Park”.
 I’m a casual dinosaur fan, but I am pro-feather aesthetics. Feathered saurians look both ferocious and adorable, and it dissolves the idea that dinosaurs are a symbol of obsolescence. They didn’t die out because they weren’t “good enough”: they grew and changed and adapted and are still around today.
I still like the look of “classic” dinosaurs (or really, the style where they are reptilian but sleeker and more active, as inspired by the Robert T. Bakker school of thought), but I don’t personally care that one style now is inaccurate to varying degrees.
I say “pro-feather aesthetics” because you can’t be pro- or anti-dinosaur feathers: that’s like saying you can be pro- or anti-gravity. One’s aesthetic distaste for a scientific fact does not change its legitimacy, and you can’t “decide” to accept it the way you accept or deny changes to a fictional character. It has already been decided by science: you don’t have to *like* feathered dinosaurs, but they exist.
So, there’s frequently an anti-science subtext to the hatred of feathered dinosaurs: the complaint is that science has “corrupted” dinosaurs, implying progress should not have happened. Paleontologists should never have dug deeper and found that dinosaurs beyond Archaeopteryx had feathers, or at least never spread it around, because it interferes with the popular image of dinosaurs.
 It might not be what the anti-feather aesthetics folk intend to say, but how else would you “reclaim” dinosaurs but by denying what science has found? Pretending dinosaurs never had feathers is like pretending that cavemen rode them. Both have their pop culture appeal, but both can’t be considered equal to legitimate science.
What’s also eye-rolling is the way the presence of feathers is treated as an emasculation. It might be just me, but there’s an ugly sense that by having feathers, dinosaurs have now been feminized, are no longer the scaly behemoths that little boys played with in the sandbox with, but are now (choke!) “girly”.
Because of that, I’m reluctant to try to get the feather-haters to accept that feathered dinosaurs are “still badass”. It’s trying to play the game by the other person’s rules, instead of just pointing out that animals are simply animals, not “manly” or “girly”. Nor do scientifically-accurate depictions have to prove themselves, either.
It’s also strange that others keep going back to Jurassic Park as the counter to feathered dinosaurs. “Jurassic Park” had great SFX and was a fun movie (though as I get older, the anti-science preaching becomes more annoying), but its dinosaurs are essentially movie monsters who run all over facts in the name of being cool.
And yeah, I’m fine with most of that (except the T-Rex’s vision problems, which make no sense in all the wrong ways) *in a movie*. But to hold up these exaggerations of dinosaurs as the ideal counterpoint to modern science is insane. It’s like saying werewolves are the “true” vision of wolves, and all those packs in the woods are just poseurs.
I’ve got no problem with preferring the “look” of reptilian dinosaurs, whether those dinosaurs are from the eighties or the eighteen hundreds. But turning that preference into a denial of science, or a defense of dinosaurs’ implicit masculinity, doesn’t work

pterobat:

It has come to my attention recently that nerds hate feathered dinosaurs.

 Not *all* nerds, obviously, but a lot of ‘em. And why? Apparently because dinosaurs no longer look “cool” enough: they’re “fluffy”, they’re “chickens”, and most importantly, they don’t look as cool as they did in “Jurassic Park”.

 I’m a casual dinosaur fan, but I am pro-feather aesthetics. Feathered saurians look both ferocious and adorable, and it dissolves the idea that dinosaurs are a symbol of obsolescence. They didn’t die out because they weren’t “good enough”: they grew and changed and adapted and are still around today.

I still like the look of “classic” dinosaurs (or really, the style where they are reptilian but sleeker and more active, as inspired by the Robert T. Bakker school of thought), but I don’t personally care that one style now is inaccurate to varying degrees.

I say “pro-feather aesthetics” because you can’t be pro- or anti-dinosaur feathers: that’s like saying you can be pro- or anti-gravity. One’s aesthetic distaste for a scientific fact does not change its legitimacy, and you can’t “decide” to accept it the way you accept or deny changes to a fictional character. It has already been decided by science: you don’t have to *like* feathered dinosaurs, but they exist.

So, there’s frequently an anti-science subtext to the hatred of feathered dinosaurs: the complaint is that science has “corrupted” dinosaurs, implying progress should not have happened. Paleontologists should never have dug deeper and found that dinosaurs beyond Archaeopteryx had feathers, or at least never spread it around, because it interferes with the popular image of dinosaurs.

 It might not be what the anti-feather aesthetics folk intend to say, but how else would you “reclaim” dinosaurs but by denying what science has found? Pretending dinosaurs never had feathers is like pretending that cavemen rode them. Both have their pop culture appeal, but both can’t be considered equal to legitimate science.

What’s also eye-rolling is the way the presence of feathers is treated as an emasculation. It might be just me, but there’s an ugly sense that by having feathers, dinosaurs have now been feminized, are no longer the scaly behemoths that little boys played with in the sandbox with, but are now (choke!) “girly”.

Because of that, I’m reluctant to try to get the feather-haters to accept that feathered dinosaurs are “still badass”. It’s trying to play the game by the other person’s rules, instead of just pointing out that animals are simply animals, not “manly” or “girly”. Nor do scientifically-accurate depictions have to prove themselves, either.

It’s also strange that others keep going back to Jurassic Park as the counter to feathered dinosaurs. “Jurassic Park had great SFX and was a fun movie (though as I get older, the anti-science preaching becomes more annoying), but its dinosaurs are essentially movie monsters who run all over facts in the name of being cool.

And yeah, I’m fine with most of that (except the T-Rex’s vision problems, which make no sense in all the wrong ways) *in a movie*. But to hold up these exaggerations of dinosaurs as the ideal counterpoint to modern science is insane. It’s like saying werewolves are the “true” vision of wolves, and all those packs in the woods are just poseurs.

I’ve got no problem with preferring the “look” of reptilian dinosaurs, whether those dinosaurs are from the eighties or the eighteen hundreds. But turning that preference into a denial of science, or a defense of dinosaurs’ implicit masculinity, doesn’t work

(via ivynajspyder)

Source: pterobat